In the 1800’s & 1900’s what was the attitude of those period in terms of materials & aesthetics?
There were different movements in architecture during the 1800s. The Romantic Movement was one of them. Romanticism was epitomised by the reaction of sentiment over reason. Romanticists yearned for the aesthetics of the past. The approach of the designers and builders of the period 1800 to 1900, the Romantic Period, was to combine different styles and architectural movements from previous eras. Gothic motifs, Renaissance designs, the picturesque and exotic styles from the east are just a few of those employed. Sir John Vanbrugh was a leading exponent as evidenced by his own house in Blackheath, London with it’s towers and castellated walls. His designs drew heavily on cothe medieval period. Hawksmoor was another leading architect who adopted this style of architecture. Horace Walpole established the Gothic as a style for the English country house. These designers believed that these styles stood for all that is genuine and sincere. They believed that Greek Classicism and the Gothic were the salvation from 18th century flippancy with it’s reliance on styles such as the Rococo elementary geometric shapes. The Romanticists were often equally as thoughtless in their use of styles from the past but the work of Sir John Soane. He too was a Classicist but use the traditional forms with far greater freedom. His own house, now a museum, is an example of this.
A re-action to this was inspired by the Industrial Revolution. Not by architects first of all but by engineers. Most architects hated the industrial developments. They did not see that the Industrial Revolution created opportunities for new ideas of beauty, order and architectural planning.
The development of three main materials iron, steel and glass was an important aspect and new structural methods were developed. This gave rise to the development of new building forms, factories, warehouses, town halls (Birmingham)railway terminals (Euston London). In the mid 19th century cast iron was used in large buildings such as warehouses and libraries. Greater spans to be achieved and to build higher. Reinforced concrete was developed at the end of the 19th century which combined the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of stone. The Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton for the 1851 International Exhibition was an excellent example of the possibilities of cast iron and glass.
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